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Thursday, October 23, 2008

Neuromonitoring:-Failing to be Assertive to communicate the neurophysiological abnormalities will cost you a Lot?


   Josh Colemna's back surgery went wrong during surgical procedure that involved possibly a scoliosis correction or posterior spinal correction, though the exact procedure done and details are not available, it is important to notice the role of neuromonitoring, fialing to do the right thing at right time will not only cost money, job but also someone's life.  
Neuromonitoring companies must make sure they have the competent neurophysiologists with a PhD or MD, or a neurologist is overlooking the technicians or else pay for the mistake. But, a neurophysiologist or neurologist will be able to warn the surgeon and anesthesiologist providing feed back instantly. Why it is so important to have this highly qualified professionals for doing some technical job is that they have the expert knowledge to troubleshoot as well as identify the causes of any changes if takes place, compared to a technician, he/she might be able to perform the technique but will have hard time in interpreting and convince the surgeon of a danger of injury to sensory, motor pathways or spinal cord injuries during back surgery. Anyways, this is an example of how much it will cost and how it will cost you if you fail to alert timely?.


March 24th, 2007 at 9:51 am

$11.7 M verdict against bystander doctor

» by Ted Frank

March 24th, 2007 at 9:51 am

$11.7 M verdict against bystander doctor

» by Ted Frank

A team of doctors at North Fulton Medical Center worked on Josh Coleman’s back surgery in 2003. Dr. Frank Puhalovich had a minor role: “he was only in the operating room for about 10 minutes making sure a technician properly hooked up a monitor that tracks nerve impulses along the spinal [cord] through electrodes attached to Coleman’s head and feet.” But after Puhalovich left, during surgery, the alarm went off: attorneys blame the surgeons’ failure to respond to the alarm in a timely fashion for Coleman’s paralysis. Coleman sued everyone involved, and all the doctors settled, except Puhalovich. So Coleman proceeded to trial against Puhalovich, blamed him also, and a jury awarded $11.7 million. The press coverage gives no indication what the theory of liability is against Puhalovich.

Joshua Coleman, sitting in a wheelchair next to his attorneys, Bill Stone and David Boone, smiled as the verdict was announced after the two-week civil trial.

“Josh is high as a kite right now,” Stone said. “He’s going to have a great weekend.”

(Beth Warren, “Paralyzed man awarded $11.7 million”, Atlanta Journal-Constitution,Mar. 24).

Update: Kevin, MD post with clever title Shotgun yields a jackpot.


 SATURDAY, MARCH 24, 2007
8

Shotgun yields a jackpot

Kevin, M.D - Medical WeblogA neurologist loses a verdict in a back surgery case. He was in the OR for less than 10 minutes, and didn't even operate on the patient. He got caught in the crossfire of a shotgun lawsuit. An unfortunate outcome, but the wrong doctor was targeted.

Tuesday, October 21, 2008

Cochlear Microphonics & CNAP recording in Neuromonitoring??

Anatomy of the ear
Organ of CortiAnatomy of Ear (pic fromHearing and Hair Cells John S. Oghalai, M.D.Baylor College of Medicine ) (human ear pic: Muni's_neuromonitoring1)Jorge Bohorquez et al describes a system in their recent publication listed below, according to their study one can test both outer hair cell and inner hair cell electrical activity during surgical procedures. Though this work is evaluated in aniamal study, it is pretty interesting if this can be moved to the OR in our neuromonitoring procedures. I am not sure if this is already practiced in the OR by any neuromonitoring companies. It is a very common procedure to do auditory brain stem evoked potentials in tumor resection or craniotomy procedure that might put the 8th nerve in risk, nevertheless, this CM, CAP and CNAP will be a very important approach in certain cases where injury to both IHC and OHCs can be avoided?. 

Journal of Neural EngineeringNeuromonitoring of cochlea and auditory nerve with multiple extracted parameters during induced hypoxia and nerve manipulation

Jorge Bohórquez et al 2005 J. Neural Eng. 2 1-10   doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/2/2/001

Abstract.  A system capable of comprehensive and detailed monitoring of the cochlea and the auditory nerve during intraoperative surgery was developed. Jorge Bohórquez et al 2005 J. Neural Eng. 2 1-10 E-mail: jbohorquez@miami.edu

The cochlear blood flow (CBF) and the
electrocochleogram (ECochGm) were recorded at the round window (RW) niche using a specially designed otic probe.
The ECochGm was further processed to obtain cochlear microphonics (CM) and compound action potentials (CAP). The amplitude and phase of the CM were used to quantify the activity of outer hair cells (OHC); CAP amplitude and latency were used to describe the auditory nerve and the synaptic activity of the inner hair cells (IHC). In addition, concurrent monitoring with
a second electrophysiological channel was achieved by recording compound nerve action potential (CNAP)
obtained directly from the auditory nerve. Stimulation paradigms, instrumentation and signal processing methods were developed to extract and differentiate the activity of the OHC and the IHC in response to three different frequencies. Narrow band acoustical stimuli elicited CM signals indicating mainly nonlinear operation of the mechano-electrical transduction of the OHCs. Special envelope detectors were developed and applied to the ECochGm to extract the CM fundamental component and its harmonics in real time. The system was extensively validated in experimental animal surgeries by performing nerve compressions and manipulations.

Monday, October 20, 2008

Medical & Legal Issues Regarding Brain Injury

What are the medical and legal aspects of Brain Damage or Axonal damage? 
what type of knowledge is neccessary to deal with court cases that may require background knowledge and expertise in looking at the area of brain damage and discuss the intricacies of brain damage and axonal damage to the court officials as well as to the lay people in the jury??. This following article appeared in the latest issue of the newsletter of IBIA (International Brain Injury Association) discusses in detail about what health care professionals should know?.

Medical-Legal Illustration: What Health Care Professionals Should Know

By Robert L. Shepherd, MS, Certified Medical Illustrator, Vice President and Director of Eastern Region Operations, MediVisuals Incorporated

Professionals of numerous medical as well as health care subspecialties are often called upon to provide expert opinions in the context of litigation. Those providing medical-legal opinions may either be called due to their role as a treater of a patient involved in litigation or retained to provide so called “expert witness” testimony because these specialists are recognized as experts in a specific area (even though they may not have treated a patient involved in litigation). In either case, the role of the testifying professional is very important in helping decision makers or triers of fact identify and appreciate the truth in order to achieve just resolution of the contested issue(s). 

For Instance: 

Figure 1:  Example of graphics that can aid expert testimony:  This particular series of illustrations helps demonstrate one of the most difficult concepts for layperson decision makers to appreciate – that is, how brain injuries (traumatic axonal and shear injury) can occur in an individual with only a minor, or sometimes even no significant blow to the head.  The illustrations are also particularly helpful in explaining how an individual can have these injuries, yet the injuries are not evidenced on traditional brain imaging studies such as CT or MRI.   Another very effective animation demonstrating this same phenomenon even more convincingly can be seen at the following link:  http://medivisuals.com/mildtbi


Thursday, October 9, 2008

Gray's Anatomy

Gray's Anatomy, the complete Book is available online free at Bartlby.com, this is a treat to medical students, anatomy and physiology students, because it is free online.
The Bartleby.com edition of Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body features 1,247 vibrant engravings—many in color—from the classic 1918 publication, as well as a subject index with 13,000 entries ranging from the Antrum of Highmore to the Zonule of Zinn.

Henry Gray (1821–1865).  
Anatomy of the Human Body.  1918.
TWENTIETH EDITION
THOROUGHLY REVISED AND RE-EDITED BY WARREN H. LEWIS
ILLUSTRATED WITH 1247 ENGRAVINGS
 
PHILADELPHIA: LEA & FEBIGER, 1918
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2000
 
Also available free online at

Wednesday, October 1, 2008

NEUROMONITORING RESEARCH Articles -PubMed

Wednesday, September 17, 2008

NeuroMonitoring in Epilepsy Related Diseases & Surgeries!?.

JNSJournal of Neurosurgical Focus
In the latest issue of the journal JNS, Scellig S. D. Stone, M.D., and James T. Rutka from The Hospital for Sick Children, and The University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada discuss issues relate to the topic "challenges in Epilepsy related diseases and neurosurgeries in epilepsy patients". 
These challenges can provide great opportunities for neuromonitoring, infact, in this very review you will find that the existing brain mapping and EcoG has been a gold standard to conduct successeful neurosurgeries, it has become an important tool for surgeons to identify and map the areas in epilepsy patients who undergo surgeries to get rid of the epileptic loci in the brain.
The authors described two combined approach that can be used to delineate a possible trajectory for the epilepsy surgeons, such methods may help to relieve the patients from epileptic activities. 

The neuronavigation system and the neuromonitoring approach, I will try to condense the information regarding neuromonitoring here, but one must read the whole article to get a better insight into this field. Three of the exisiting neuromonitoring protocols are discussed,
1.Electrocorticography recording method, using this method one can reliably map the brain areas of interest for surgical removal by directly placing grid electrodes on the surface of brain (invasive), using the method poineered by the Penfield and Jasper [34.Jasper HElectrocorticographyPenfield WJasper HEpilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain BostonLittle Brown1954692738].
2.Depth Electrode Recordings, this method can be combined with the direct mapping of the brain using depth electrode, deep isertion of electrodes into subcortical areas will provide additional information about ictical and interactive epileptic regions, in reality, the DER can be performed outside the OR perioperatively as well as inside the OR intraoperatively, enabling the surgeon to develop a streamlined strategy into the brain area of interest to be lesioned, lesioning brain areas is the surgical procedures carried out to eliminate epileptic activities.
3.Intraoperative EcoG is  yet another recording used widely to operate on interactive epileptic patients, the most important use of EcoG seems to be to during extralesional resections or lesionectomy combined with spike-positive tissue resection procedures. EcoG monitoring seems to have helped reduce the rate of second surgical procedure and reduced epileptic activities significantly in those patients. One of the surgical procedure where EcoG was very useful in the removal of the hippocampal area or mesial temporal or gliosis surgical procedures.
4.Direct Cortical Stimulation method, mostly used in surgeries that involve sensory motor or language areas, a direct application of focal cortical pulses of low voltage current using a hand held bipolar electrode.
So, applying these
techniques in combination as a "multi-model" neuromonitoring procedure
can go long way in safegurding better surgical procedures in epilepsy patients. This is a great review any neurophysiologist or neurosurgeon or neurologist or neuromonitoring personnel must read for better understanding of surgical procedures and neuromonitoring in epilepsy patients.

Sunday, September 14, 2008

Ulnar Neuropathy? If the surgery site is lower Lumosacral level, why should you monitor upper limp SSEPs?

This article in the latest Spine Journal (an electronic publication) demonstrates that upper limp SSEP monitoring is quite handy in detecting ulnar nerve neuropathy during lower back surgeries??.

PubMed-NCBI Spine J. 2008 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]Click here to read Upper-limb somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in lumbosacral spine surgery: a prognostic marker for position-related ulnar nerve injury.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) is used to monitor integrity of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots during spinal surgery. It records the electrical potentials from the scalp after electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerves of the upper or lower limbs. The standard monitoring modality in lumbosacral spine surgery includes lower-limb SSEP and electromyography (EMG). Upper-limb SSEP monitoring has also been used to detect and prevent brachial plexopathy and peripheral nerve injury in thoracic and lumbosacral spine surgeries. We routinely monitor lower-limb SSEP and EMG in lumbosacral spine procedures at our institution. However, a few patients experienced postoperative numbness and/or pain in their ulnar distribution with uneventful lower-limb SSEP and EMG.

Friday, September 5, 2008

Neuromonitoring Signal Changes during Spinal Epidural Hematoma?

A&AInternational Anesthesia Research Society
oh yes, 
there are few non-surgically induced damages that might go unnoticed in the absence of intraoperative neuromonitoring such as ischaemia, hematoma, stroke and so on...?.
 The following work demonstrates the timely detection of epidural hematoma by neurophysiological wave form changes.
the disappearance of evoked potentials and the subsequent appearance of paraplegia in our patient was unlikely to be caused by the epidural LA, but probably by the occurrence of the spinal epidural hematoma as a complication of epidural catheterization.

Acute spinal cord dysfunction was revealed by INM, then elucidated by imaging of the spine. The whole sequence of events led to timely urgent neurosurgical intervention which resulted in complete restoration of motor and sensory functions.

Our patient’s case supports the value of evoked-potential monitoring during spinal surgery.
This case and previous work offer arguments that evoked potentials are relatively insensitive to epidural LAs, but nevertheless we suggest that neuraxial LAs better be avoided in cases in which INM is used.

Friday, August 15, 2008

Anesthesia and Neuromonitoring by Reza Gorji, MD

Reza Gorji from University of NY writes at the Neuroanesthesia.net about various neuromonitoring methods and the effect of anesthesia, what types of anesthetic agent is advisable for certain types of EPs and EEGs during surgical procedures.

Anesthesia and Neuromonitoring: Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials Reza Gorji, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, State University of NY, Syracuse, NY

  • Anesthesia and Neuromonitoring (EEG & EP) Patients undergoing neurologic/orthopedic procedures involving the peripheral and central nervous system may be at increased risk from hypoxia/ischemia to vital neurologic structures. Intraoperative neuromonitoring may improve patient outcome by:

a. Allowing early detection of ischemia/hypoxia before irreversible damageoccurs

b. Indicating the need for operative intervention (shunts placed in carotid surgery) to minimize nerve damage The role of anesthesiology in neuromonitoring is one of understanding the appropriate anesthetic techniques, applying knowledge of medicine, surgery, physiology and pharmacology to get the best possible outcome.
This monograph will discuss the
various clinically important neuromonitors and offer solutions as they apply to clinical anesthesia.
It is divided in 3 broad sections: Electroencephalography, sensory evoked potentials and motor evoked potentials.

Tuesday, July 29, 2008

Nerve Conduction Study & Needle Electromyography

Nerve Conduction Technology News:- NeuroMetrix completes CE Technical File and Achieves CE Marking for its ADVANCE(TM) System allowing Marketing in the European Union
Last update: 7:30 a.m. EDT July 29, 2008
WALTHAM, Mass., Jul 29, 2008 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- NeuroMetrix, Inc. (NURO:
neurometrix inc com
NURO
1.39, -0.02, -1.4%)
today announced that it has completed the CE technical file for its ADVANCE System ("ADVANCE"). With this regulatory step, NeuroMetrix intends to begin marketing ADVANCE to neurologists, clinical neurophysiologists, hand surgeons, and other specialists in the EU.
ADVANCE is a comprehensive platform for the performance of traditional nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography procedures. The technical specifications include a precision electrical stimulator and dual recording channels for acquiring nerve conduction responses. A third channel is available for recording needle electromyography signals. ADVANCE introduces several important technological improvements.
SOURCE: NeuroMetrix, Inc.
NeuroMetrix, Inc.
Jessica Borchetta, 781-314-2725
Administrative Assistant
neurometrix.ir@neurometrix.com

Friday, July 18, 2008

65,000 Peers, Doctors Online Network!

BUSINESS AMNews articles linked to Sermo's online physician forum

Doctors can join 30,000??? (it is 65,000 now!) peers to comment on stories and initiate discussions.

By AMNews staff. Oct. 15, 2007.


Doctors now can share their views on American Medical News articles with thousands of their colleagues on Sermo, an online community for physicians only.
Current and recent articles in the American Medical News online edition -- amednews.com -- carry links that instantly connect readers to the free Sermo site (www.sermo.com). Established Sermo member physicians then need only log in. First-time physician users can access the Sermo community after a simple registration procedure, taking about two minutes, that includes verification of their MD or DO degree.

Thursday, June 12, 2008

Spinal cord tumor removal & Neuromonitoring

Spinal cord tumor resection can pose serious risks of
surgical
induced sensory or motor deficits, intraoperative neuromonitoring
of
combined sensory and motor pathways can be useful to prevent potential
damages. Here are some collective articles related to spinal cord tumor resection.

http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=198856

Spinal Cord integerity risk & Tibial single Trial SSEP?

Single trial Tibial Somatosensory SSEP along with H-reflex can be used to monitor the spinal cord integerity and function during surgical procedures that put the cord in risk. The following article
describes how this combination of a single trial SSEP can be
useful?.

When spinal cord functional integrity is at risk during surgery, intraoperative neuromonitoring is recommended.

Tibial Single Trial Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEPs) and H-reflex are here used in a combined neuromonitoring method: both signals monitor the spinal cord status, though involving different nervous pathways.
However, SEPs express a trial-to-trial variability that is difficult to track because of the intrinsic low signal-to-noise ratio. For this reason single trial techniques are needed to extract SEPs from the background EEG.

Wednesday, May 21, 2008

4th and 5th Cervical Laminae-Acute Hemiparesis?

This interesting article published in the "Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery" describes spinal cord injuries at the C4-C5 level caused by a serious head-on vehicle collision in a 18 year old teenager. The accident resulted in invagination of C4-C5 laminae into the spinal canal and also fractures leading to hemiparesis?. Surgical intervention of laminectomy, fusion and stabilization with instrumentation resulted in recovery from right sided weakness and recovery of full neurological functions.

Traumatic invagination of the fourth and fifth cervical laminae with acute hemiparesis
U. R. Hähnle, L. Nainkin
From the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

The patient was initially treated by skeletal traction (3 kg) applied using
Crutchfield tongs. As the neurological deficit did not recover
during the following week operation was undertaken.
Through a posterior approach, exposing the laminae and
lateral masses from C3 to C6, the invagination of the right
laminae of the C4 and the C5 vertebrae was confirmed. All
other posterior elements such as the facet joints, ligamentum
flavum, interspinous ligaments and spinous processes
were intact. The fracture at C2 was not exposed.
Reduction of the invaginated laminae was achieved by
gentle traction on the spinous processes. Mild flexion of the
neck helped to maintain the reduction. As the neck was
extended there was a tendency for the laminae to reinvaginate.
Transverse wiring of the two involved spinous processes
was undertaken with tension towards the left-sided
lateral masses to maintain the position of the reduced
laminae.
Adequate decompression was confirmed on a postoperative
CT scan (Figs 3a and 3b).

Tuesday, April 15, 2008

How to Calculate Frequency, Duration & Amplitude in EEG?

Bill Byrum writes about how to analyse and evaluate EEG inorder to calculate the frequency, duration etc., in the following article that appeared in the latest ASET newsletter.

Calculating Frequency, Duration, Amplitude, and Voltage Using a Legend
By Bill Byrum, MBA, R. EEG/EP T., CNIM

In this article I want to review with you
how simple it is to use a Legend. You will
need a measurement ruler graduated into
one mm segments. It would also be handy
to have a calculator that can be set to divide
to 3 decimal places. If you perform division
by hand, please be sure to carry the results
to 3 decimal places when calculating
waveform duration.
I strongly recommend whenever you
are doing calculation utilizing a Legend
that you use a referential montage and the
reference is not contaminated with EEG
activity. This is because in a bipolar
montage the waveforms are the result of
two inputs active with EEG activity. The
same can be said of a referential montage if
the reference is contaminated. For complete article, click the linked title?.

Wednesday, February 20, 2008

Degenerative Disc Disease- in a Illustrative way?


This picture illustrates the various conditions of the spine.
*****Another beautiful illustration about disc disease is presented in an interactive video at the Spine-Health.com. What is degenerative disc disease, how to make it simple to understand using illustration: here it is!

Sunday, February 17, 2008

NEUROMONITORING COMPANIES IN AMERICA: How Many? & Who are they?

  • Neuromonitoring1 ......is the only place on the internet or offline on any books where you will find list of companies that provide Neuromonitoring in America, it is not clear at this moment how many countries health care system applies this approach (there is no data on it, but I am sure there are only handful of nations like USA, Canada, UK, Sweden, Singapore so far known to employ or have companies doing this service, among them the most widely established neuromonitoring practices occur in US.

  • This list is by far the comprehensive, though it does not reflect one hundred percent of companies in US but certainly most of them with a webaddress and well known names are listed here.
A list of all these neuromonitoring companies are documented at the bottom of this blog under separate topic: Neuromonitoring Companies!!.
You will be able to get more details of those companies such as name brand, directors, office staff, company goals, operating areas and schedules etc., along with the link to each company at the very bottom of this blog under title Neuromonitoring Companies and Centers.
Two of the latest addition are Synapse neuromonitoring and Argos Neuromonitoring, the list will be updated periodically.

Neuromonitoring News!

Biotronics-a neuromonitoring company based in Ann-Arbor acquired another company :American Neuromonitoring of Farmington Hills. Here is the story......
Deal positions Biotronics for growth
"This is historically a very fragmented industry. ... Only in the last few years have (companies) begun to build to serving 20, 40 and, in our case, hundreds of clinicians in the field. Once you get yourself in a larger scale, you're able to provide a better price point to hospitals." - Gene Balzer, Biotronics chief executive officer.
By TINA REEDThe Ann Arbor News
As the practice of monitoring patients' nerve functions during spinal surgeries grows in popularity, an Ann Arbor-based company said it's aggressively trying to grow itself to make the practice more accessible to U.S. hospitals.
Biotronic NeuroNetwork recently acquired American Neuromonitoring of Farmington Hills in a move it hopes will position itself for future acquisitions and increase its monitoring expertise, said Gene Balzer, Biotronics chief executive officer.

Wednesday, January 30, 2008

How Much Risk Surgery Posses & What Neuromonitoring can Do?

Michael Dinkel et al., writes about the possible risks and outcomes of patients with disability in various surgery, and how neuromonitoring can help prevent such risks by identifying and localizing the risks in time?.

Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring
Michael Dinkel, M.D.
Department of Anaesthesiology Frankenwaldklinik
Ulrich Beese, M.D.
Department of Anaesthesiology University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Michael Messner, M.D.
Department of Anaesthesiology University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Citation:

Michael Dinkel, Ulrich Beese, Michael Messner: Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring .
The Internet Journal of Neuromonitoring. 2001 . Volume 2 Number 2.


The rate of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis after thyroidectomy for instance comes up to 9%. Almost 40% of patients with acute dissection of the thoracoabdominal aorta suffer from paraplegia after aneurysm repair. Despite a wake-up test 0.7 to 1.6% are paraplegic after corrective procedures for scoliosis. After cardiac procedures with extracorporal circulation there is a 1 to 3% incidence of severe neurologic deficits and an incidence of cognitive deficits running up to 80%. Finally the stroke rate after carotid endarterectomy comes to 7% in well documented series [2, 3 , 4 ,5,7].
Further Reading: click the above topic linked.....!

Cardiovascular Surgery (like Cardiopulmanory bypass-CPB) & Neuromonitoring!

The following article demonstrates that neuromonitoring is very useful in cardiovascular surgeries, especially in patients with cerebrovascular diseases.

Intraoperative neuromonitoring in cardiac surgical patients with severe cerebrovascular disease
Alexander Kulik, MD, Rosendo A. Rodriguez, MD PhD, Howard J. Nathan, MD and Marc Ruel, MD MPH
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, E-mail: akulik@ottawaheart.ca

To the Editor:
Patients with severe cerebrovascular disease are at a high risk of neurologic complications during cardiac surgery, as a result of cerebral embolization or hypoperfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Intraoperative neuromonitoring, including transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and electroencephalography (EEG), may be particularly useful in patients with cerebrovascular disease.1 We hereby present two cases that illustrate the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring during cardiac surgery in patients with severe cerebrovascular disease.

Monday, January 14, 2008

Auditory "Brain stem Implant Electrode"- Frequency Tuning?


How important it is to fine tune the frequency specificity in the ventral cochlear nucleus and central inferior collicular neurons, the following research work published in the Oct 2007 issue of "Journal of Neurophysiology" used multichannel microelectrodes to map the frequency specfic patterns of activity in VCN and Inferior colliculus neurons.



Mohit N. Shivdasani1,2,3, Stefan J. Mauger1,2,3, Graeme D. Rathbone1,3 and Antonio G. Paolini1,2


Submitted 7 June 2007; accepted in final form 6 October 2007

Multichannel techniques were used to assess the frequency specificity of activation in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CIC) produced by electrical stimulation of localized regions within the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). Data were recorded in response to pure tones from 141 and 193 multiunit clusters in the rat VCN and the CIC, respectively. Of 141 VCN sites, 126 were individually stimulated while recording responses in the CIC.....................


Sunday, January 13, 2008

Hearing Loss, what is Trigeminal Nerve doing instead of VIII Nerve?

Dorsal cochlear nucleus responses to somatosensory stimulation are enhanced after noise-induced hearing loss
S. E. Shore1,2,3
1Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
2Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and
3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,
S. Koehler1,3
1Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute
3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,
M. Oldakowski1
1Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute,
L. F. Hughes4
4Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, Springfield, IL, USA and
S. Syed1
1Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute

The above article published in the latest issue of "European Journal of Neuroscience, discusses issues on hearing loss and possible involvement of trigeminal nerve?

Abstract:
Hearing loss due to VIII nerve damage or loss of synaptic connectivity of VIII nerve in the cochlear nucleus is a common degenerative changes observed in models of noise damage, similar degeneration of terminals also reported in cases of hearing loss in humans. However, the above article discusses the possiblity of the involement of "Trigeminal Nerve" as a compensatory response to the loss of VIII nerve connections following noise induced hearing loss in animal models. How much of this compensatory response is due to hearing loss or changes in VIII nerve connectivity is not clear, however, it is interesting to note how the neighbouring cranial nerve respond.

The authors observe the following changes in responses to trigeminal stimulation: The guinea pigs with noise-induced hearing loss had significantly lower thresholds, shorter latencies and durations, and increased amplitudes of response to trigeminal stimulation than normal animals. Noise-damaged animals also showed a greater proportion of inhibitory and a smaller proportion of excitatory responses compared with normal. Authors also argue that there is increased inhibitory responses and increased activity of somatosensory response, prompting them to conclude a role of somatosensory inputs in noise induced hearing loss? is yet to be clarified by extensive studies!.

Here is a Science Daily which is jumbing into conclusions of the following kind?.
'Ringing In The Ears' May Be Caused By Overactive Nerves, Acupuncture May Help, Study Suggests
ScienceDaily (Jan. 10, 2008) — Do your ears ring after a loud concert? Nerves that sense touch in your face and neck may be behind the racket in your brain, University of Michigan researchers say.
Note: the above image is from Science Daily.

Saturday, January 12, 2008

Scoliosis & More

The following article on Scoliosis provide a comprehensive look at what is scoliosis and related surgical interventions. Though, hard to explain the causes for scolisosis, efforts to understand this disease provided us more knowledge. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is extensively used in scoliosis correction surgical procedures.

Scoliosis and Proprioception
Robert Schleip
Published in Rolf Lines, Vol. 28, No.4 (Fall 2000)
Most types of scoliosis are classified as ‘idiopathic scoliosis’ which means that the reasons for this type of rotational deformity of the spine are yet unknown. Nevertheless there are all kinds of assumptions, beliefs and anectdotal reports available in the alternative health community concerning the main causes and driving factors.........................


Central Nervous System Processing in Idiopathic Scoliosis
By Jerry Larson, M.A.
Diplomate, American Board of Neurophysiological Monitoring

"The clinical manifestations of idiopathic scoliosis are well known, yet its causes remain unclear. Several factors have been proposed, including abnormal structural elements of the spine, dysfunctional spinal musculature, genetic factors, alterations of collagen metabolism, and abnormalities of the central nervous system. The most promising investigations appear to implicate the central nervous system, especially those areas involved with postural equilibrium. Spinal cord reflexes play an integral role in the maintenance of posture. These complex polysynaptic segmental reflexes are regulated by a variety of descending suprasegmental systems, by peripheral afferent impulses and within the spinal ....................

Tuesday, December 18, 2007

IONM the Gold Standard of Patient Safety? By David J.Anschel, M.D

David J. Anschel, M.D.
Contributing Editor of MedCompare,

David J. Anschel writes about the developments in "Itraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring and its medical usage:

IONM has become the gold standard for ensuring patient safety while undergoing operations which place the central or peripheral nervous system at risk. Technological advancements within the last few years have allowed monitoring techniques to evolve. The above robust systems are representative of the best that modern medicine has to offer. Allowing neurologists and surgeons to work together to provide better patient outcomes during more complicated procedures in close proximity to vital neurological tissues.

Tuesday, November 6, 2007

Spinal Cord Injury & the debilitating condition!

Why neuroregeneration research, stem cells and its research are important to this world?.
Just watch this video, put your few min aside to see this spinal cord injury and its impact on Mike's life...!?